Files
crop-chem-docs/corpus/epa_ppls/100-738.md
T
justin a97107de46
Image rebuild (skip scrape) / build (push) Failing after 1h37m12s
docker: production image + Gitea Actions for monthly refresh
Dockerfile: self-contained image with corpus + Chroma + BM25 baked
in. Drawbar's compose pulls + runs without volume mounts. Built from
sources.json (labels schema), PRODUCT_NAME=crop_chem by default,
HYBRID_SEARCH=true (always-on for production quality). RERANK_URL +
OLLAMA_URL get set at compose time.

.gitea/workflows/refresh.yml: monthly cron (1st @ 06:00 UTC) does
full scrape → reindex → image push. Scrapes Bayer (~30 min) +
EPA PPLS row-crop filtered (~7h). Skips reindex+push if no corpus
diff. Tags pushed: :latest, :<sha12>, :corpus-<YYYY.MM.DD>.

.gitea/workflows/image-only.yml: on-demand or auto on code-only
pushes to main (paths: docs_mcp/, rag/, scrape/, requirements.txt,
Dockerfile, sources.json). Reindexes from committed corpus, builds
image, pushes. ~10 min vs ~9h full refresh.

.gitignore: corpus/ now COMMITTED (4,159 labels, 265 MB of .md +
sidecars). Lets image-only.yml rebuild indexes without re-scraping.
chroma/ + bm25/ still gitignored (regenerable binary indexes).

.dockerignore: drops venv, eval results, PLAN/README/CLAUDE.md,
deploy/, .git/ — keeps the image lean. corpus + chroma + bm25
explicitly NOT in dockerignore (those go INTO the image).

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.7 (1M context) <noreply@anthropic.com>
2026-05-24 12:32:41 -04:00

23 KiB
Raw Blame History

APRON 50W FUNGICIDE


". ". UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENT AL PRIJTI:Cl:IOlfAGEIC"C' ·L· .. . .' -- ···.·::iIq.Jl'~Wi -..; ,) J .."' . , -.' ":1Ir1 /· - .' . . . .r,r' . . ,.. ' .. , . Gregory R. Watson, Ph.D. Cilia Crop Protection' Ciba-Geigy Corporation .' P.O. Box 18300 . '. , .. .. . "" . .: . " '-- .. " .' ':~~..:." .- " .. . .:" . ~ .. " Gieens!:Ioro NC 27419-8300.--:-:". ' .... -- ..) ~ .. . . . -". . . . .-: ~ Subject: '. Apron- Flowable Fungicide (EPA Reg •. No. t) Apron- 50WFungicide (EPA Reg. No .. tOO-738) Label Amendment Your Correspondence of December 13 ·1994 .. : On December 13, 1994, you submitted amendment requests for the addition of the Aprc>n FS brand name to EPA Reg. No. 100-684 and administrative amendments im:luding the addition of directions for use for carrots and peanuts, and updating seed treatment export uses. You also submitted ~ amendment request for EPA Reg. No. 100-738 including the addition of directions for use on carrots and peanuts; altering seed treatment export uses, an" other administrative items. The labeling, _ submitted in connection with registration under FIFRA sec. 3(c)(7)(A), is acceptable provided that you: _ '- ' .

  1. Subrilit and/or cite all data required for registration or reregistrab.On of your product under FIFRA sec. 3(c)(5) and sec. 4 when thl" Agency requires all registrants of similar products to submit such data. .
  2. Since you have chosen to include Worker Protection Standard labeling, it is suggested that the following statements be added following the misuse statement under Directions for Use. "Do not apply this product in a way that will contact workers or other persons, either directly or through drift. Only protected handlers may be in the area during application. For any req1lirements specific to your state or tribe, consult the agency responsible for pesticide regulation ...
  3. Submit five (5) copies llf your fmal printed labeling before you release the product for shipment. 7505C:K.Scanlon:ks:04/12/95:APRONLBL.LTR CONCURRENCES SYMtOl • _ 7505C - .. --.----.--"_ .. -.--",,. "."--"--,,--,,,,.,,--.--"" ""----.-"------,, .. ---.--,,-,,"-"._ .... ".--",,.------.. ----"--.--""".""--,,. ".""----.,,--,,-,,.. -"--"".,,---,,--,,,," SUftNAME .. K. Scenlon . r----""·-·"""----,,·,,·· ..... " ................... --...................... --.--............ ----.-.. - .. - ................. " .... - ...... ".--. -.. --.............................................. --- .............. " .. " .... . DAn • Apr 12, 1995 EPA Fo,m 1 .. , -, \I~·701 U' " ... '''L fllt CO 'Yo .' .; ! - . -- BEST COpy AVAllAP!.5' /1 {/

,'. ". ". " . .... :e .. . ..... . . , , , . ".:' .. 0' ': ~ ... .;!': ... , . 2.:,':., ", '. ". " -" .. If these conditions are not complied' with, the registration will be subject to cancellation in accordance with FIFRA sec. 6(e). Your release forshipIqent of the product ' cOnstitutes acceptance of these conditions. ' A stamped copyofthelabd is enclosed for your records.' Should you have any questions or concerns, pleaSe call Kathryn Scanlon on (703) 305-7382. rs;::::' t. jJdJ- Connie B. Welch Product Manager (21) Fungicide-Herbicide Branch Registration Division (75C) BeST COpy AVAiLr.,u,.L: , .. ( , " ' ... ' " ,

) Front Panel - 1 lb. Booklet - 1 lb. Bag - 4 lb. Apron. 50W Accu-Pak. FUNGICIDE ... ,tA t.lUUtENTS la EPA Loiter Deled AJ.I JfI UDder ..... Feder-' Iao«dckle, F_de. .... R __ Act •• .nend-!d. .or &lie peelieid .. ~ ...... , .. ' ...... -';;P.4 Retl. No 10 0-1 ~ i A seed treatment chemical for control of Pythium and Phytgphthora causing damping-off, seed rot, and systenic downy mildew diseases of certain crops. One Pound Net Weight Four Pounds Net Weight Active Ingredient: Metalaxyl: H-(2,6-dimethylphenyl}-H- (methoxyacetyll alanine methyl ester ................. . Inert Ingredients: Total: Apron 50W is a wettable powder. EPA Reg. No. 100-738 EPA Est. 6754S-AZ-l KEEP OUT OF REACH 00 CHILDREN. WARNING/AVISO 50.0% 50.0% 100.0% Si usted no entiende 1a etiqueta, busque a a1guien para que se la exp1ique a usted en detalle. (If you do not understand the label, find someone to explain it to you in detail.) See additional precautionary statements on panel at left and directions for use on panel at right. (For the 4 lb. bag) See additional precauti0nary statements and directions for use inside booklet. (For the 1 lb.) This outer protective container contains Apron SOW ~n all inner water-soluble bag. Entire inner bag and contents dj.~sn\ve in water. After opening outer container, immediately drep'entire unopen<:!d inner bag into the partially filled sprayeli. C.D mix· .. ·.; tank. Do not handle the soluhle bag or expose it to·mo{sture: since this may cause rupturing. : ." .... [GANNONC.LABELAjAPRSAP-B - 11/11/94

) ) -2- DIRECTIONS FOR USE AND CONDITIONS OF SALE AND WARRANTY IMPORTAN'1": Read the entire Directions for Use and thp. Conditions of Sale and warranty before using this product. If terms are not acceptable, return the unopened product container at once. Conditions of Sale and Warranty The Directions for Use of this product reflect the opinion of experts based on field use and tests. The directions are believed to be reliable and should be followed carefully. However, it is impossible to eliminate all risks inherently associated with use of this product. Crop injury, ineffective­ ness, or other unintended consequences may result because of such factors as weather conditions, presence of other materials, or the manner of use or application all of which are beyond the control of Ciba-Geigy or the Seller. All such risks shall be assumed by the Buyer. Ciba-Geigy warrants that this product conforms to the chemical description on the label and is reasonably fit for the purposes referred to in the Directions for Use subject to the inherent risks referred to above. Ciba-Geigy makes no other express or implied warranty of Fitness or Merchantability or any other express or implied warranty. In no case shall Ciba-Geigy or ~ Seller be !iable for consequential. special. or indirect damages ~ulting from the use or handling of this product. Ciba-Geigy and the Seller offer this product, and the Buyer and user accept it, subject to the foregoing Conditions of Sale and Warranty, which may be varied only by agreement in writing signed by a duly authorized representative of Ciba-Geigy. , •• I •

) -3- 5 General Information Apron SOW is a systemic fungicide seed dressing specifically for control of systemic downy mildews and diseases caused by soil­ borne Pythium and Phytophthora spp. When a rate range is speci­ fied, use higher rates of Apron SOW when the disease pressure is expected to be high. For control of other soil borne diseases, such as Rhizoctonia spp., Apron SOW should be applied in combination with other registered seed dressing fungicides. : Apron SOW is a systemic fungicide having a specific mode of actlon. Apron SOW could be subject to development of insen­ sitive strains of fungi. Development of insensitivity cannot be predicted. Therefore, Ciba-Geigy cannot assume liability for crop damage resulting from inensitive strains of fungi. Con­ sult with your State Agricultural Experiment Station or Exte­ sion Service Specialist for guidance and ways to control any possible Apron SOW insensitive strains of fungi which may occur. Apron SOW may be applied as a wct:"!r-based slurry with other reg­ istered seed treatment insecticides and fungicides through stan­ dard slurry- or mist-type commercial seed treatment equipment. Mixing Instructions Prepare no more mixture than is necessary for the immediate operation. Agitate thoroughly before and during application. Mechanical agitation is required for proper mixing of Apron SOW soluble prepacks. Apron SOW Alone: Add all of the required water to the mix tank. With the agitator running, drop the required number of unopened soluble bags of Apron SOW into the tank. Bgin application of the spray solution after the soluble bags have disqolved, and the material has completely dispersed into the mix water. Main­ tain agitation until all of the mixture has been applied. / IS Apron SOW + Tank Mixtures: Add all of the required water tc ~e mix tank. With the agitator running, drop the required nuar of unopened soluble bags of Apron SOW into the tank at once. Tank mix partners may be added when the Apron SOW so:iuo:e bag and their contents have dissolved and dispersed into thd mix water. Continue agitation when adding the tank mix pirtners. Spray the mixture with the agitator running. ... I • I • • • Precautions: (1) When more than one product is packaged in.sol­ uble bags, mix all of those products together at once. Add·ao1· other products after the soluble bags have co.nplete1y dis1;o+vq.!li and the materials have completely dispersed into the mix wat~T.· (2) The maximum recommended concentration of Apron SOW in slur­ ries is 7 oz. of Apron SOW in 10 oz. of water per 100 1bs. of seed.

) -4- 1 /J~ If using Apron SOW in a tank mixture with other seed treatment chemicals, observe all directions for use, crops/sites, use rates, dilution ratios, precautions, and limitations which appear on the tank mix product label. No label dosage rate should be exceeded, and the most restrictive label precautions and limitations should be followed. This product should not be aixed with any product which prohibits such mixing. DIRECTIONS FOR USE It is a violation of federal law to use this product in a manner inconsistent with its labeling. AGRICULTURAL USE REQUIREMENTS Use this product only in accordance ,lith its labeling and with the Worker Protection Standard, 40 CFR part 170. This Standard contains requirements for the protection of agricultural work­ ers on farms, forests, nurseries, and greenhouses, and handlers of agricultural pesticides. It contains requirements for training, decontaminat_~~, notification, and emergency assis­ tance. It also contains specific instructions and exceptions pertaining to the statements on this label about personal pro­ tective equipment (PPE) and restricted-entry interval. The requirements in this box only apply to uses of this product that are covered by the Worker Protection Standard .. Do not enter or allow worker entry into treated areas during the restricted entry iterval (REI) of 12 hours. Exception: If the seed is treated with the product and the treated seed is soil-injected or soil-incorporated, the Worker Protection Stan­ dard, under certain circumstances, allows workers to enter the treated area if there will be no contact with anything that has been treated. PPE required for early entry to treated areas that is permitted under the Worker Protection Standard and that involves contact with anything that has been treated, such as plants, soil, or water is: • Coveralls • Waterproof gloves • Shoes plus socks • Protective eyewear I J ••• J • .. . . . . . • • ••••• . . •• • • . .. •• • • •• • • •• FAILURE TO FOLLOW THE DIRECTIONS FOR USE AND PB2CAUTIONS OrHlS LABEL MA~RESULT IN CROP INJURY OR POOR DISEASE C~~~ , o

Seed Treatment - Domestic Use Carrots Cotton Forage Grasses ) Forage Legumes ) Garden/Table Beets Grain Crops -5- 7 For Pythium damping-off control: Apply Apron SOW as a seed treat­ ment at 0.5-1.0 oz. per 100 1bs. of seed. For Pythium seed rot and damping-off control: Apply Apron SOW as a seed treatment to machine-de1inted or acid-delinted cottonseed at the rate of 0.5- 1 oz. per 100 lbs. of seed. Grasses grown for hay grazing or silage, corn (fodder or silage), and small grain grown for hay grazing or silage. For Pythium damping-off control: Apply Apron SOW as a seed treat­ ment at the rate of 0.5-1 oz. per 100 lbs. of seed. Alfalfa, clover, lespedeza, beans (for forage), soybeans (for for­ age), soybean hay, peas (for for­ age), pea vine hay, co'wpeas (for forage), cowpea hay, trefoil, vetch, and velvet beans (for for­ age) . For pythium damping-off and early season Phytophthora control: Ap­ ply Apron SOW as a seed treatment at 1.0 oz. per 100 lbs. of seed. For suppression of early season downy mildew in alfalfa and soy­ beans: Apply Apron SOW as a seed treatment at the rate of 1 oz. per 100 lbs. of seed. For Pythium damping-of~ c0ntrol: Apply Apron SOW as a 'eed :treat­ ment at the rate of 1 'o'_:per 100 lbs. of seed. • •••• • • Wheat, barley, rye, oilts',' millet, rice, corn (field corn, sweet: .' , ~ ... '1 If corn, and popcorn), buckwheat,. ~np triticale. . .: For Pythium damping-off control: I

, ) Legume Vegetables and Okra -6- 8 Apply Apron SOW as a seed treat­ ment at the rate of 0.5-1 oz. per 100 lbs. of seed. For Pythium seed rot and damping­ off control in field corn when applied in combination with captan products at labeled rates: Apply Apron SOW as a seed treatment at 0.07 oz. per 100 lbs. of seed. For systemic downy mildew control of sweet corn: Apply Apron SOW as a seed treatment at the rate of 2 oz. per 100 lbs. of seed. For Pythium eed rot and damping­ off control in rice when applied in combination with Vitavax® 200, 42-5 Thiram, or RTU® Vitavax®­ Thiram at labeled rates: Apply Apron SOW as a seed treatment at 0.07 oz. per 100 lbs. of seed. : If using Apron SOW treated rice seed, do not use Ridomil® for control of pythium in water seeded rice. Black-eyed peas, cowpeas, edible soybeans, snybeans, field beans, chick peas \garban7.o beans), field peas, garden peas, green beans, kidney beans, lima beans, navy beans, okra, peas, pole beans, snap beans, :tring beans, wax beans, lentils, and lupines. For Pythium damping-off control: Apply Apron SOW as a seed treat­ ment at 0.5-1.0 oz. per 100 lc of seed. For early season Phytqt=>l.LlOra cvn­ trol: Apply Apron SOW asa seed treatment at 1.0 oz. ~~t·(OO lbs. of seed. .., ... , . , ••••• For Pythium damping-off and SS7, temic downy mildew control of'.: .. ' peas: Apply Apron SOW as a seed .. treatment at the rate of 2.5 ~~: per 100 Ibs. of seed. For Pythium seed rot and damping-

Sorghum Sugar Beets ) Sunflower Turfgrasses (AI1I -7- 1 off control: Apply Apron SOW as a seed treatment at 0.5-1.0 oz. per 100 lbs. of seed. For Pythium damping-off control on all sorghum cultivars: Use 1 oz. of Apron SOW per 100 lb~. f seed applied as a seed treatment. For systemic downy mildew control: Apply 1 oz. of Apron SOW per 100 lbs. of seed on cu1tivars which possess sorghum downy mildew resistance. To those cultivars which do not possess resistance to a particular race of sorghum downy mildew gro'lfn in areas with recent history of severe disease, apply 2 oz. of Apron SOW pr 100 lbs. of seed as a seed treatment. Note: Seed treated with the 2 oz. rate should be planted and not carried over to the following year. Only high quality sorghum seed (90% germ and above) should be treated with Apron SOW. For Pythium damping-off control: Apply Apron SOW as a sed treat­ ment at the rate of 1 oz, per 100 lbs. of seed. For Pythium damping-off and early season Phytophthoa control: Apply Apron SOW as a seed treat­ ment at the r~te of 0.5-1 oz. per 100 lbs. of seed. For systemic downy ITlildew con:rol: Apply Apron SOW as a seed tre3t­ ment at the rate of 2 oz. F r i00 lbs. of seed. For pythium damping-oI f; ';Dntrol on golf courses, home lawn!:.,. recla'l'co­ tion, and erosion conttb'i ,pro- ' jects: Apply Apron sOW' 'as a eed treatment at the rate of 1-2 0.;.,' per 100 lb. of seed. Note: For long-term control of Pythium in areas when using Apron­ treated seed, make an application BEST COpy AVAILABLr IJ q

) ---------------------- ....... Seed Treatment-Export Use -8- /0 of Subdue® 7-10 days after germi­ nation. FOR TREATMENT OF THE FOLLOWING SEED FOR EXPORT ONLY TO COUNTRIES REQUIRING TREATMENT WITH METALAXYL BEFORE IMPORTATION. User should veriy actual registered rate in country o destination and/or use. Brassica (Cole) Leafy Vegetables C\Jcurbits ruiting Vegetables (e.g. tomatoes, peppers, eggplantl ______________ __ Leafy Vegetables Onions For pythium damping-off control: Apply Apron SOW as a seed treat­ ment at 0.5-1.0 oz. per 100 lbs. of seed. For Pythium damping-off control: Apply Apron SOW as a seed treat­ ment at 0.5-1.0 oz. per 100 lbs. of seed. For systemic downy mildew control: Apply Apron SOW as a seed treatment at 3.3 oz. per 100 lbs. of seed. For pythium damping-o(f control: Apply Apron SOW as a seed treat­ ment at 0.5-1.0 oz. per 100 lbs. of seed. For Pythium damping-off control: Apply Apron SOW as a seed treat­ mEnt at 0.5-1.0 oz. per 100 lbs. of seed. For Pythium damping-off control: Apply Apron SOW as a seed treat­ met at 0.5-1.0 oz. per 100 lt~. of seed For Pythium damping-o':f c-!>ntrol: Apply Apron SOW as a seed'treat­ ment at 0.5-1.0 oz. pr' ido lb. of seed. • • I •• For Pythium damping-off and early season 'hytophthora control: ',: " Apply Apron SOW as a seed tre'.lt···· ment 1.0 oz. per 100 lbs. of 5~eu. For downy mildew control, apply Apron SOW as a seed treatment at BEST COpy AVAILABLE Is

'. ( ) ) Hillet -9- !I 2.2 oz. per 100 Ibs. of seed. For Pythium damping-off control: Apply Apron SOW as a seed treat­ ment at 0.5-1.0 oz. per 100 Ibs. of sad. For systemic downy mil­ dew control: Apply Apron !.OW as a seed treataent at 4.2 oz. per 100 lbs. of seed. Root and Tuber Vegetables For Pythiua damping-off control: SQrghum Apply Apron SOW as a seed treat­ ment at 0.5-1.0 oz. per 100 Ibs. of seed. Bota: Do Dot apply Apron SOW to potatoes. For Pythiua damping-off control: Apply Apron SOW as a seed treat­ ment at 0.5-1.0 oz. per 100 Ibs. cf seed. For systemic downy mil­ dew control: Apply Apron SOW as a seed treatmer at 3.3 vz. per 100 Ibs. of seed. Sunflower For systemic downy mildew control: Apply Apron SOW as a s,eed treat­ ment at 5.6-6.7 oz. per 100 lbs. of seed. Seed treated in accordance with the export use pattern must be labeled as follows: FOR EXPORT ONLY - NOT FOR DOMESTIC SALE OR USE. NQ.l& : Federal law requires that bags containing treated seeds shall be labeled with the following information: "This seed has been treated with metalaxyl fungicide. Do not use for feed, food, or oil PUl-poses. Stor~ away from feeds and foodstuffs." Use with an EPA-approved dye that imparts an unnatural color to tile Reed. Storage and Disposal Storage - Store in a cool, dry place. Do not store:thi3 product under wet conditions. Handle outer container carefvl~y:to avoid breakage of inner soluble bag. . : ticidc Disposal . .. . . . .... .. • • ...... • . .. •• • Do not contaminate water, food, or feed uy storage, disposal'Q cleaning of equipment. Open dumping is prohibited. Wastes' resulting from the use of this product are toxic. Improper dis­ poal of unused pesticide, spray mixture, or rinsate is a viola- II

) ) -10- ),).. tion of federal law. Pesticide, spray mixture, or rinsate that cannot b.· used according to label instructions must be disposed of according to federal, state, or local procedures. For guid­ ance in proper disposal methods, contact your State Pesticide or Environmental Control Agency, or the Hazardous Waste representa­ tive at the neareJt EPA Regional Office. Container Disposal Do not reuse outer container. in a sanitary landfill, or by if alowed by state and local of smoke. Dispose of empty outer container incineration, or by open burning, authorities. If burned, keep out For minor spills, leaks, etc., follow all precautions indicated on this label and clean up immediately. Take special care to avoid contamiation of equipment and facilities during cleanup procedures and disposal of wastes. In the event of a major spill, fire, or other emergency, call 1-800-888-8372, day or r.ight. ..... • • • • • • • •• . . .---------------------------------------------------------------- I~

) -11- 13 Precautionary Statements Hazards to Humans and Domestic Animals WARNING/AVISO Causes substantial, but temporary eye injury. Harmful if swallowed, inhaled, or absorbed through skin. Do not get in eyes, on skin, or on clothing. Avoid breathing vapor or spray mist. Statement of Practical Treatment If in eyes: If swallowed: If inhaled: If on skin: Hold eyelids open and flush eyes with a steady, gentle stream of water for 15 minutes. Call a physician or Poison Control Center. Drink 1 or 2 glasses of water and induce vom­ iting by touching back of throat with finger. Do not induce vomiting or give anything by mouth to an unconscious person. Move to fresh air. Wash with plenty of soap and water. Get medical attention if irritation persists. Note to Physician: If ingsted, induce emesis or lavage stom­ ach. Treat symptomatically. Personal Protective Equipment: ) Applicators and other hano_Jrs must wear: • Long-sleeved shirt and long pants • Waterproof gloves • Shoes plus socks • Protective eyewear .. ... , . . . . . . . . , . . . I

----- -12- /1/ Discard clothing and other absorbent materials that have been drenched or heavily contaminated with this product's concen­ trate. Do not reuse them. Follow manufacturer's instructions for cleaning/maintaining PPE. If no such instructions for washables, use detergent and hot water. Keep and wash PPE separately from other laundry. Engineering Control Statements 1 When handlers use closed systems in a manner that meets the requirements listed in the Worker Protection Standard (WPS) for agricultural pesticides [40 CFR 170.240(d) (4-6)], the han­ dler PPE requirements may be reduced or modified as specified in the WPS. ~~ Safety Recgmmendatiops ) sers should: . ) • Wash hands before eating, dr1nking, chewing gum, using tobacco, or using the toilet. • Remove clothing immediately if pesticide gets inside. Then wash tho=oughly and put on clean clothing. Environmental Hazards Do not apply directly to water, to areas whre surface water is present, or to intertidal areas below the mean high water mark. Apply only as specified on this label. Do not apply when weather conditions favor drift from treated areas. Do not contaminate water wr.en disposing of equipment wash waters or rinsate. Ehyical or Chemical Haza~ Do not use or store near heat or open flame. ------------------------------------------------------. Accu-Pak®, Apron®, Ridomil® and Subdue® trademarks of Ciba-Geigy C0rporation U.S. Patent No. 4,151,299 RTU® tr2iemark of Gustafson, Inc. Vitavax® tr2deark of Uniroyal Chemical Company, Inc. Q1994 Ciba-Geigy Corporation ( 'J

) ) -13- Ciba Crop Protection Seed Treatment Products Ciba-Geigy Corporation Greensboro, North Carolina 27419 CGA 66L24 (DRAFT) - 4 lb. printed bag CGA 66L26 (DRAFT) - 1 lb. bo~~let /5 July 13, 1992 Revised June 1~, 1994 Adding 1 lb. size, PR 93-11 WPS exclusion statement and insensitivity replacing resistance Revised Septembe~ 1, 1994 [GANNONC.LABELA]APR5AP-B - 11/11/94 .. ,., , , . , . , 1 IS /' I ~