Auto-apply migrations on deploy (entrypoint + one-shot service)

So a deploy never needs a manual `alembic upgrade head`:

- Backend image gains an entrypoint that runs `alembic upgrade head` before
  uvicorn when RUN_MIGRATIONS=1 (set on the backend service). This self-migrates
  even on a Watchtower in-place image swap, which doesn't re-run one-shot jobs.
- A one-shot `migrate` service covers the `docker compose up` path; backend and
  worker depend on it completing, which also serializes it with the backend
  entrypoint so alembic never runs concurrently. `upgrade head` is idempotent.

Activating this needs the updated compose on the host once (Watchtower only
swaps images, not the compose file / env). After that, migrations are automatic.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.8 (1M context) <noreply@anthropic.com>

backend/Dockerfile

@@ -21,7 +21,11 @@ RUN --mount=type=cache,target=/root/.cache/uv \
 COPY app ./app
 COPY alembic.ini ./alembic.ini
 COPY migrations ./migrations
+COPY docker-entrypoint.sh ./docker-entrypoint.sh
+RUN chmod +x ./docker-entrypoint.sh
 
 EXPOSE 8000
 
+# The entrypoint runs migrations first when RUN_MIGRATIONS=1, then the command.
+ENTRYPOINT ["./docker-entrypoint.sh"]
 CMD ["uv", "run", "--no-dev", "uvicorn", "app.main:app", "--host", "0.0.0.0", "--port", "8000"]

backend/docker-entrypoint.sh

@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+#!/bin/sh
+# Container entrypoint. When RUN_MIGRATIONS=1 (set on the backend service),
+# apply DB migrations before handing off to the command. This makes a deploy
+# self-migrating even when images are swapped in place (e.g. by Watchtower),
+# without a separate orchestration step. `alembic upgrade head` is idempotent —
+# a no-op when the schema is already current.
+set -e
+
+if [ "${RUN_MIGRATIONS:-0}" = "1" ]; then
+  echo "[entrypoint] applying database migrations (alembic upgrade head)…"
+  uv run --no-dev alembic upgrade head
+fi
+
+exec "$@"

deploy/docker-compose.yml

@@ -40,12 +40,36 @@ services:
       retries: 10
     restart: unless-stopped
 
+  # One-shot schema migration: runs `alembic upgrade head` and exits. Backend
+  # and worker wait for it to finish, so on `docker compose up` the schema is
+  # always current before the app serves traffic — no manual migrate step.
+  # NOTE: a pure Watchtower image-swap recreates only the long-running
+  # containers, not this one-shot job, so Watchtower deploys should be paired
+  # with a `compose up` (see deploy docs) to re-run migrations.
+  migrate:
+    image: git.jpaul.io/justin/provenance-backend:${IMAGE_TAG:-test-main}
+    command: ["uv", "run", "--no-dev", "alembic", "upgrade", "head"]
+    labels:
+      com.centurylinklabs.watchtower.enable: "true"
+    environment:
+      APP_ENV: ${APP_ENV:-development}
+      DATABASE_URL: ${DATABASE_URL:-postgresql+asyncpg://provenance:provenance@postgres:5432/provenance}
+    depends_on:
+      postgres:
+        condition: service_healthy
+    restart: "no"
+
   backend:
     image: git.jpaul.io/justin/provenance-backend:${IMAGE_TAG:-test-main}
     labels:
       com.centurylinklabs.watchtower.enable: "true"
     environment:
       APP_ENV: ${APP_ENV:-development}
+      # Self-migrate on start so a Watchtower in-place image swap applies any new
+      # migrations (idempotent). The one-shot `migrate` service covers the same
+      # for `compose up`; the depends_on below serializes them so they never run
+      # alembic concurrently.
+      RUN_MIGRATIONS: "1"
       DATABASE_URL: ${DATABASE_URL:-postgresql+asyncpg://provenance:provenance@postgres:5432/provenance}
       S3_ENDPOINT_URL: ${S3_ENDPOINT_URL:-http://minio:9000}
       S3_BUCKET: ${S3_BUCKET:-provenance}
@@ -57,6 +81,8 @@ services:
         condition: service_healthy
       minio:
         condition: service_healthy
+      migrate:
+        condition: service_completed_successfully
     healthcheck:
       test:
         - CMD-SHELL
@@ -89,6 +115,8 @@ services:
         condition: service_healthy
       minio:
         condition: service_healthy
+      migrate:
+        condition: service_completed_successfully
     restart: unless-stopped
 
   frontend: